optical fiber in medical use electromagnetic waves

A head mirror has historically been used by doctors since the eighteenth century for examination of the ear, nose, and throat. At the heart of this technology is the optical fiber itself. In: Al-Amri, M., El-Gomati, M., Zubairy, M. (eds) Optics in Our Time. B. Marconi . The error of refraction is then corrected by using a phoropter, which introduces a series of lenses of various optical strengths until the retinal reflex focuses at the right position on the retina. A typical wavelength used is 1550 nm. The retinoscope is used to illuminate the internal eye (while the patient is looking a far fixed object) and observe how the reflected light rays by the retina (called the reflex) align and move with respect to the light reflected directly off the pupil [19]. However, a single optical fiber cannot transmit an imageonly a bright light spot would be observed at its end. This instrument provides a large field of view (2540) and allows easier examination of the periphery of the retina. Optical fiber sensors, as a result of their unique properties (small dimensions, capability of multiplexing, chemical inertness, and immunity to electromagnetic fields) have found wide applications, ranging from structural health monitoring to biomedical and point-of-care instrumentation. They travel at speed of 3 multiple by 10 -8 in vacuum. This aerial image is usually produced by a strong positive lens ranging in power from +13 diopter to +30 diopter that is held in front of the patients eye. The term nsin is defined as the numerical aperture or NA for short. Firstly, optical fibers are very thin and lightweight, which makes them easy to install and transport. Although the design may vary according to the specific use, all endoscopes have similar construction and elements: an objective lens (distal end), illuminating fiber bundle, imaging coherent fiber bundle, fixed or articulating handle, and an eyepiece (proximal end). This lens arrangement produces a magnification of the object under inspection on the objective side (distal end), which has a size Y, and is positioned a distance P from the entrance pupil of the objective lens. The frequency of the light is typically around 1500 - 1600 nm. Unlike the present time, medical practitioners of the ancient world did not have the benefit of sophisticated instrumentation and diagnostic systems, such as X-rays, ultrasound machines, or CT scanners. tailored to your instructions. Then, in the 1960s, with the development of semiconductor lasers, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers, modern medical optics began to take shape and, coupled with the availability of optical fibers, a new generation of medical instruments and techniques began to be developed. The interrelation between optics and light in medicine is ever present and it could be said that more significant advances in biophotonics are now due to the availability of more powerful, concentrated, and multi-spectral light sources which have been available only in the last 50years. The illuminating system is comprised of light source (a halogen or tungsten bulb), a condenser lens system, a reflector (a prism, mirror, or metallic plate) to illuminate the interior of the eye with a central hole through which the eye is examined. Frequency is measured in cycles per second, . 13.35. In general, many of the basic optical medical instruments have in common the goal to provide both a more direct illumination and optical magnification of the area under examination. Visible and infrared light can carry more data than radio waves, but has always been confined to a hard-wired, fiber-optic cable. On one hand, average lifestyles have changed drastically in the past century resulting in a more sedentary lifestyle with lack of exercise, poor diet, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption that have resulted in a growing number of chronic diseases such as obesity, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer that have become leading causes of death and disability. It can be thought of as the optical equivalent of an ultrasound scanning system. American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery. Von Troltsch is generally credited with popularizing the use of a mirror in otoscopy after he showed it in 1855 at a meeting of the Union of German Physicians in Paris. Optical Fiber Communication is the method of communication in which signal is transmitted in the form of light and optical fiber is used as a medium of transmitting those light signal from one place to another. The Optical Regenerator - Necessary for long-distance data transmission. The law that states "When visible light of high frequency electromagnetic radiation illuminates a metallic surface, electrons are emitted" is known as _____. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. 13.9). More Secure. The bundle consists of a multitude of individual glass fibers of a small diameter (~12m) that create a lattice effect. In Fig. Fiber Optics and Electromagnetic Interference. Optical imaging techniques will continue to advance along with digital X-rays to make non-invasive examination and diagnosis safe, fast and with greater resolution and pinpoint accuracy. Figure13.34 shows a modern, flexible, and fiber-optic endoscope. The otoscope is a valuable tool beyond its primary role as an examination tool for detecting ear problems. Hence, anything that can help see better the condition of a patient will be of aid. $$ {M}_{\mathrm{v}}=\theta^{\prime}\;D/Y $$, $$ M={F}_{\mathrm{e}}/{F}_{\mathrm{c}} $$, $$ {n}_0 \sin {\phi}_0 = {n}_1 \sin {\phi}_1 $$, $$ \begin{array}{l}\hfill n \sin \theta ={n}_0 \sin {\theta}_0\hfill \\ {}\hfill \kern2.5em ={n}_0 \sin \left(\frac{\pi }{2}-{\phi}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\hfill \\ {}\hfill \kern2.5em ={n}_0{\left[1-{\left({n}_{{}_1}-{n}_0\right)}^2\right]}^{1/2}\ \hfill \\ {}\hfill \kern2.5em ={\left({n}_0^2-{n}_1^2\right)}^{1/2}=\mathrm{Numerical}\ \mathrm{Aperture}.\hfill \end{array} $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_13, Rights and Prior to the development of such devices, the only method of inspecting the interior of the body was through invasive surgery. Opt Photonics News 26:4551, Optical Society of America, CrossRef This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Glass optical fiber bundles are of two types: incoherent and coherent. Am J Gastroenterol 97:470, Feldmann H (1996) History of the ear speculum. The radiation is concentrated in a high-energy form to eliminate cancer cells. This allows the transmission of light energy (and signals) through any patch or shape taken by the optical fiber. J Prakt Heilkunde 24:107124, Von Helmholtz HLF (1856) Handbuch der physiologischen Optik. Optical fibers are immune to electromagnetic interference . Anaesthesia 41(1):4245, Kawahara I, Ichikawa H (1987) Fiberoptic Instrument technology. Prof. Hirschowitz tests first prototype fiber optic endoscope using clad fibers in February of 1957, and then introduces it to the American Gastroscopic Society in May of the same year. Evanescent waves also occur in the context of other types of waves, such as sound waves and quantum-mechanical waves (associated e.g. If the reflex line is oblique instead of vertical, then astigmatism is present. with tunneling phenomena), but this article focuses on evanescent waves in optics. These were the first otoscopes to be electrically illuminated. The electromagnetic spectrum comprises the span of all electromagnetic radiation and consists of many subranges, commonly . The advantages of optical fibers have been recognized by the medical community long ago. Optical frequency combs began as part of NIST scientists' vision for better optical atomic clocks in the . Electromagnetic radiation can be expressed in terms of energy, wavelength, or frequency. O is the observers eye, while P is the patients eye; M, semi-silvered mirror. The piece is cut into two pieces, machined and the ends polished resulting in a fused fiber optic taper. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_13, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_13, eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0). To achieve better image quality and resolution, a large number of small diameter fibers are need for a given bundle diameter. electromagnetic spectrum, the entire distribution of electromagnetic radiation according to frequency or wavelength. Optical communications system . 13.8). Original indirect laryngoscope developed by Manuel Garcia to view the movement of his won vocal chords (c. 1870). An individual fiber (or rod) is made by starting with a so-called perform made by the tube-in-rod technique where a single glass rod (which will become the fibers core) is inserted into a tube made of glass with a lower refractive index (cladding). Endoscopes are commonly used by doctors to inspect patients internal organs through body cavities, such as the nose or throat, Aspect of a modern, flexible fiberscope fitted with articulating knobs, camera lens, and instrument port on the distal end. A phoropter is an ophthalmic binocular refracting testing device, also called a refractor. By changing these lenses, the examiner is able to determine the spherical and cylindrical power, and cylindrical axis necessary to correct a persons refractive error. If the incident ray hits the boundary at ever-increasing angles, a value of \( {\phi}_0 = {\phi}_{\mathrm{c}} \) will be reached, at which no refraction will occur. This chapter illustratesthrough several optical instrument and application examplesthe uses, benefits, and future prospects that optics brings as an enabling technology to the medicine and the overall healthcare industry. An optical fiber that operates above the cutoff wavelength (at a longer wavelength) is called a single mode fiber. Hippocrates II (460377 BC) reported using catheters and primitive forms of visualization tubes over two millennia ago. Accessories that might be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes include irrigation channels, suction tips, tubes, and suction pump; forceps for removal of biopsy tissue or a foreign body; biopsy brushes; an electrode tip for cauterization; as well as a video camera, video monitors, and image recorder. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.. A typical fiber structure is depicted in Fig. A seminal optical medical instrument development came in 1804 when the German born physician Philipp Bozzini (17731809) developed and first publicized his so-called light conductor (Lichtleiter), which enabled the direct view into the living body [4]. Schematic of a basic medical optical instrument. Photograph of the Jansen compound microscope (c. 1595). Basil Hirschowitz, who in 1957 demonstrated the first fiber optic endoscope [24]. In all forms of transmission occurring via electromagnetic radiation, the most important component on the transmitter and receiver side is the . 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. An incoherent bundle consists of a collection of fibers randomly distributed in the bundle and is typically intended for illumination purposes only. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire cables. Other future capabilities brought on by optics will be in the form of the so-called lab-on-a-fiber or LOF for short [10], where optical fibers are combined with micro- and nano-sized functionalized materials that react to specific physical, chemical, or biological external effects and can thus serve as elements to build multi-function, multi-parameter sensing devices. In fact, specialized optical fibre cables have come up last week. For angles The first solid-state laser was built in 1960 by Dr. T. H. Maiman at Hughes Aircraft Company. Joe Wiart, Tlcom Paris - Institut Mines-Tlcom. They are used in electric substations for this reason. A section of medics may claim that, too . Another common usage of fiber optics in medicine is for biomedical sensors. In the nineteenth century, endoscopy was very rudimentary and relied on the insertion of long, rigid metal tubes into body cavities. The medical examiner has a direct line of sight into the back of the eye (fundus) (2). The otoscope is one of the medical instruments most frequently used by primary care physicians [15]. OCT is a technique that makes possible to take sub-surface images of tissues with micrometer resolution. Another important use is in optical fiber technologies where fibers are designed to provide optimum performance at specific wavelengths. 13.33), but it may also be inserted through an incision. Figure13.29 illustrates the three steps needed to fabricate fused as well as leached image fiber bundles. Historically, ambient light was the illumination source, which precluded performing exams late in the day or during certain hours in the winter time. If the input light beam focuses in front of or behind the retina, there is a refractive error of the eye. Because the patients risk of an electric shock conventional electronic monitoring devices and instrumentation cannot be used in these applications. Google Scholar, History of ASLMS. In Sec. - Helical EH and HE modes contain both axial electric and magnetic fields. A direct laryngoscope and its insertion into a human throat for examination. Posted June 9, 2017 by Connected Fiber & filed under Fiber Optic Info. The UN DESA estimates a 6-year average gain in life expectancy among the poorest countries, from 56years in 20002005 to 62years in 20102015, which is roughly double the increase recorded for the rest of the world. . Many of the medical instruments in use today rely on optics and optical components to perform their intended function. Academic, New York, Devroey D et al (2000) Do general practitioners use whats in their doctors bag? The laryngeal mirror is next inserted and dexterously positioned to the back of the mouth to direct the light from the external light source (mirror or lamp) into the back of the throat. An aligned reflex means correct vision (Source: Heine). Fiber Optics. He also wrote the classic Handbook of Physiological Optics. His observations were published in the Royal Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science in 1855 [21], and they constitute the first physiological records of the human voice as based upon observations in the living subject. Optical fibre is helpful in the dentistry application also. - EH and HE Modes. Electromagnetic interference is when the operation of one electronic device is disrupted when it's in the presence of an electromagnetic field in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum caused by another electronic device. In 1363 Guy de Montpellier in France described the first aural and nasal specula [17]. Oil candles in the ancient world gave way to wax ones and alcohol burning lamps in the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries until the development of electricity and the introduction of the electric lamp by Edison. It consists of simple circular concave mirrormade of glass, plastic, or metalwith a small opening in the middle, and mounted on an articulating joint to a head strap made of leather or fabric. Light is any electromagnetic wave, and includes gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, microwaves, radio waves, and, of course, visible light itself. All are electromagnetic waves are transverse 2. Instruments for viewing specific areas of the body include the bronchoscope, colonoscope, cystoscope, gastroscope, laparoscope, proctoscope, and several others. JAMA Ophthalmol 132:894895, Breslauer DN et al (2009) Mobile phone based clinical microscopy for global health applications. The optical fibre is used in various industries and medical applications as - Medical industry - As optical fibre is very thin and flexible so it is used to view the internal part of the body. At this wavelength the combined effects of absorption and (Rayleigh) scattering in the fiber attains a minimum value, thereby allowing long transmission distances. The intrinsic physical characteristics of optical fiber combined with its versatility in remote sensing make it an attractive technology for biomedical applications. The lamps light gets concentrated by the curvature of the mirror and reflected off it towards the area of examination, and along the line of sight of the doctor, thus providing shadow-free illumination. Typically, a single glass optical fiber has a diameter ranging from 1mm down to ~8m. 13.15). The Lorentz model is used for describing the dispersion properties of electromagnetic waves in a homogeneous . This would be the earliest idea to use a precursor of an optical fiber for medical applications. A medical head mirror and common placement on a doctors head. localizedand fiber-optic sensors (FOS) made with them can perform remote multipoint and multiparameter sensing. 13.3). Typically, a medical instrument consists of a tubular structure fitted with an objective lens on the distal (patient) end, and an objective lens on the viewing (doctor) end, represented as (1) and (2) in Fig. It's the technology of choice for the government's National Broadband Network (NBN), which promises to deliver speeds of at least 100Mbps. A direct ophthalmoscope produces an upright (unreversed) image with 15 magnification. When used properly, the head mirror thus provides excellent shadow-free illumination. The handle is long and texture for easy gripping and contains batteries to power an integrated light. where F 13.25c). They are typically used for imaging applications bonded to cathode ray tubes (CRT) and LCD displays, image intensifiers, charged coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detectors, image plane transfer devices, X-ray digital detectors, among others. The work presented in this paper shows that Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) optical fiber sensors can potentially be used as receivers in a long-range guided wave torsional-mode pipe inspection system. This auriscope combined mirror and speculum into a single instrument and worked on the principle of a periscope: light from a candle or lamp was concentrated by a funnel and then reflected by a plane mirror set at an angle of 45 into the ear canal. Each guided mode is a pattern of electric and . Another type of coherent imaging conduit is the fiber optic fused faceplate (FOFP). The cylindrical shape of optical fibers can induce geometrical phases on the transmitted light. As such, optics, as the science that studies the behavior and manipulation of light and images, is an ideal tool to assist doctors gain better visual examination capabilities by providing improved illumination, magnification, access to small or internal body cavities, among others. New advancements in optics and photonics are driving the development of a new generation of imaging toolssuch as optical coherence and photo-acoustic tomographythat can readily provide two and three-dimensional images of diverse human body tissues and organs. Their major advantage lies in the fact that they are thin and flexible so they can be introduced into the body for both remotely sense, image and treat. Neoplasia 2(12):925, Cusano A, Consales M, Crescitelli A, Ricciardi A (eds) (2015) Lab-on-fiber technology. These sensors can be used internally and . Visual and manual auscultations were the tools of the day. - TM Modes. However, microwave networks are used for fast transfer at high electromagnetic wave frequencies (but lower than light). These instruments were first devised in the early to mid-1910s. Proc R Soc Lond 7:399410, Hirsch NP, Smith GB, Hirsch PO (1986) Alfred Kirstein Pioneer of direct laryngoscopy. Optical fibers are also used as an amplification media, i.e. Permissions team. Some historians credit Benjamin Guy Babington (17941866), with the invention of the laryngoscope back in 1829 [20], who called his device the glottiscope. Modern endoscopes (both flexible and rigid) make use of fiber optic imaging bundles to achieve image transmission. Endoscopes are used to view the stomach and intestines, perform biopsies, and even provide medical treatment. The electromagnetic spectrum is comprised of all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that propagate energy and travel through space in the form of waves. It is also used to transmit light on the interior during surgeries. Fiber optic illuminators used in the operating room by surgeons. Bundles of multiple single optical fibers of small diameter solid glass rods can thus be used to guide light or transmit images around bends and curved trajectories. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit signals over long distances. 13.12) consists essentially of two systems: one for illumination and another for viewing. From: Encyclopedia of Modern Optics (Second Edition), 2018. Curtis fabricates the first clad optical fiber from a rod-in-tube glass drawing process. A fiber optic is a glass or plastic conductor that transmits information using light. It is commonly used in combination with a retinoscope. Each tiny photon (particle of light) bounces down the pipe like a bobsleigh going down an ice run. In an attempt to catch more light, used huge mirrors and only gradually was a diameter of 67cm eventually adopted. Bozzinis original light conductor with specula (c. 1806). A large global population requires more doctors, medical devices, medical supplies, clinics, hospitals, and overall healthcare infrastructure to address the needs of people needing immunizations, or getting sick or injured. Hence, it becomes critically important to develop simple, practical, effective, and inexpensive medical devices that can be used in rural and remote areas by non-professionals to examine and treat patients. Another such smartphone innovation is the so-called CellScope developed by researchers at the University of California at Berkeley [13]. A modern retinoscope. Hence, the magnification factor M is inversely proportional to the working distance P. In the sections to follow, we shall describe the basic optical operating principles and uses of such devices. How an optical fiber guides light depends on the nature of the light and the structure of the optical fiber. Even though refraction is occurring, a certain portion of the incident ray is reflected. Some future innovations can already be witnessed today in the form of optical devices used in combination with smart portable cell phones [11, 12]. Their initial and still most successful biological/biomedical application has been in the field of endoscopic imaging. Optical fiber is rising in both telecommunication and data communication due to its unsurpassed advantages: faster speed with less attenuation, less impervious to electromagnetic interference (EMI), smaller size and greater information carrying capacity. This is called waveguide. It is invaluable for diagnosis and treatment of retinal tears, holes, and detachments. Examples of an ophthalmoscope and a dermal loupe attached to a smartphone. 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